Crusty horn-shaped bread from Matera baked with durum wheat is southern Italy's pride. This mediterranean staple has nourished Lucanian families for generations with its hearty texture.
In a large mixing bowl, combine the active dry yeast with 1/4 cup of the lukewarm water and let it sit for 10 minutes, until foamy.
Add the remaining lukewarm water and gradually mix in the durum wheat semolina flour, stirring until a sticky dough forms.
Sprinkle in the salt and knead the dough on a lightly floured surface for 10 minutes, adjusting hydration so the dough is smooth and elastic but not sticky.
Place the dough in a lightly oiled bowl, cover with a damp cloth, and let it rise in a warm area for about 2 hours, or until doubled in size.
Turn the risen dough out, shape it into a large horn or three-looped 'S' typical of Pane di Matera, and place on a parchment-lined baking sheet. Cover loosely and let proof at room temperature for 1 hour.
Preheat your oven to 450°F (230°C) with a baking stone or inverted sheet pan inside for at least 40 minutes prior to baking for an even crust.
Transfer the loaf (with parchment) to the hot baking surface. Bake for 15 minutes with steam (add a pan of hot water to the bottom of the oven), then reduce heat to 400°F (205°C) and continue baking for 25–30 minutes until the crust is deep golden and the loaf sounds hollow when tapped.
Let cool completely on a wire rack before slicing to allow the crumb to set and retain moisture.